Flip And Spin Mac OS
Flip And Spin Mac OS
In software engineering, a spinlock is a lock which causes a thread trying to acquire it to simply wait in a loop ('spin') while repeatedly checking if the lock is available. Since the thread remains active but is not performing a useful task, the use of such a lock is a kind of busy waiting. Once acquired, spinlocks will usually be held until they are explicitly released, although in some implementations they may be automatically released if the thread being waited on (the one which holds the lock) blocks, or 'goes to sleep'.
Because they avoid overhead from operating systemprocess rescheduling or context switching, spinlocks are efficient if threads are likely to be blocked for only short periods. For this reason, operating-system kernels often use spinlocks. However, spinlocks become wasteful if held for longer durations, as they may prevent other threads from running and require rescheduling. The longer a thread holds a lock, the greater the risk that the thread will be interrupted by the OS scheduler while holding the lock. If this happens, other threads will be left 'spinning' (repeatedly trying to acquire the lock), while the thread holding the lock is not making progress towards releasing it. The result is an indefinite postponement until the thread holding the lock can finish and release it. This is especially true on a single-processor system, where each waiting thread of the same priority is likely to waste its quantum (allocated time where a thread can run) spinning until the thread that holds the lock is finally finished.
Implementing spin locks correctly is challenging because programmers must take into account the possibility of simultaneous access to the lock, which could cause race conditions. Generally, such an implementation is possible only with special assembly-language instructions, such as atomictest-and-set operations and cannot be easily implemented in programming languages not supporting truly atomic operations.[1] On architectures without such operations, or if high-level language implementation is required, a non-atomic locking algorithm may be used, e.g. Peterson's algorithm. However, such an implementation may require more memory than a spinlock, be slower to allow progress after unlocking, and may not be implementable in a high-level language if out-of-order execution is allowed.
Example implementation[edit]
Here’s how to access the screen rotation option in all versions of Mac OS X: Launch System Preferences from the Apple menu Hold down the Command+Option keys and click on the “Display” icon On the right side of the Display preferences, look for the newly visible ‘Rotation’ drop down menu. Mar 01, 2021 Then erase your Mac as the final step. Use Disk Utility to erase your Mac Start up from macOS Recovery: Turn on your Mac, then immediately press and hold these two keys until you see an Apple logo or other image: Command (⌘) and R. Mar 21, 2019 The “Flip” use the same way; Keep clicking to continue turning the object. With the help of such simple key combinations, you can greatly simplify your work with images on your Mac. And what are the secrets of the Preview you know? It’s the best time to ask questions and give us your feedback in comments. Resize, rotate, and flip objects in Pages on Mac You can resize an object freely, to modify its proportions any way you like, or proportionally, to make it larger or smaller without changing its essential shape. You can also set it to have specific dimensions. You can rotate or flip any object except a table, chart, web video, or image gallery.
The following example uses x86 assembly language to implement a spinlock. It will work on any Intel80386 compatible processor.
Significant optimizations[edit]
The simple implementation above works on all CPUs using the x86 architecture. However, a number of performance optimizations are possible:
On later implementations of the x86 architecture, spin_unlock can safely use an unlocked MOV instead of the slower locked XCHG. This is due to subtle memory ordering rules which support this, even though MOV is not a full memory barrier. However, some processors (some Cyrix processors, some revisions of the IntelPentium Pro (due to bugs), and earlier Pentium and i486SMP systems) will do the wrong thing and data protected by the lock could be corrupted. On most non-x86 architectures, explicit memory barrier or atomic instructions (as in the example) must be used. On some systems, such as IA-64, there are special 'unlock' instructions which provide the needed memory ordering.
To reduce inter-CPU bus traffic, code trying to acquire a lock should loop reading without trying to write anything until it reads a changed value. Because of MESI caching protocols, this causes the cache line for the lock to become 'Shared'; then there is remarkably no bus traffic while a CPU waits for the lock. This optimization is effective on all CPU architectures that have a cache per CPU, because MESI is so widespread. On Hyper-Threading CPUs, pausing with rep nop
gives additional performance by hinting the core that it can work on the other thread while the lock spins waiting.[2]
Transactional Synchronization Extensions and other hardware transactional memory instruction sets serve to replace locks in most cases. Although locks are still required as a fallback, they have the potential to greatly improve performance by having the processor handle entire blocks of atomic operations. This feature is built into some mutex implementations, for example in glibc. The Hardware Lock Elision (HLE) in x86 is a weakened but backwards-compatible version of TSE, and we can use it here for locking without losing any compatibility. In this particular case, the processor can choose to not lock until two threads actually conflict with each other.[3]
A simpler version of the test can use the cmpxchg
instruction on x86, or the __sync_bool_compare_and_swap
built into many Unix compilers.
With the optimizations applied, a sample would look like:
Alternatives[edit]
The primary disadvantage of a spinlock is that, while waiting to acquire a lock, it wastes time that might be productively spent elsewhere. There are two ways to avoid this:
- Do not acquire the lock. In many situations it is possible to design data structures that do not require locking, e.g. by using per-thread or per-CPU data and disabling interrupts.
- Switch to a different thread while waiting. This typically involves attaching the current thread to a queue of threads waiting for the lock, followed by switching to another thread that is ready to do some useful work. This scheme also has the advantage that it guarantees that resource starvation does not occur as long as all threads eventually relinquish locks they acquire and scheduling decisions can be made about which thread should progress first. Spinlocks that never entail switching, usable by real-time operating systems, are sometimes called raw spinlocks.[4]
Most operating systems (including Solaris, Mac OS X and FreeBSD) use a hybrid approach called 'adaptive mutex'. The idea is to use a spinlock when trying to access a resource locked by a currently-running thread, but to sleep if the thread is not currently running. (The latter is always the case on single-processor systems.)[5]
OpenBSD attempted to replace spinlocks with ticket locks which enforced first-in-first-out behaviour, however this resulted in more CPU usage in the kernel and larger applications, such as Firefox, becoming much slower.[6][7]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^Silberschatz, Abraham; Galvin, Peter B. (1994). Operating System Concepts (Fourth ed.). Addison-Wesley. pp. 176–179. ISBN0-201-59292-4.
- ^'gcc - x86 spinlock using cmpxchg'. Stack Overflow.
- ^'New Technologies in the Arm Architecture'(PDF).
- ^Jonathan Corbet (9 December 2009). 'Spinlock naming resolved'. LWN.net. Retrieved 14 May 2013.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
- ^Silberschatz, Abraham; Galvin, Peter B. (1994). Operating System Concepts (Fourth ed.). Addison-Wesley. p. 198. ISBN0-201-59292-4.
- ^Ted Unangst (2013-06-01). 'src/lib/librthread/rthread.c - Revision 1.71'.
- ^Ted Unangst (2016-05-06). 'tedu comment on Locking in WebKit - Lobsters'.
External links[edit]
- pthread_spin_lock documentation from The Open Group Base Specifications Issue 6, IEEE Std 1003.1, 2004 Edition
- Variety of spinlock Implementations from Concurrency Kit
- Article 'User-Level Spin Locks - Threads, Processes & IPC' by Gert Boddaert
- Article Spin Lock Example in Java
- Paper 'The Performance of Spin Lock Alternatives for Shared-Memory Multiprocessors' by Thomas E. Anderson
- Paper 'Algorithms for Scalable Synchronization on Shared-Memory Multiprocessors' by John M. Mellor-Crummey and Michael L. Scott. This paper received the 2006 Dijkstra Prize in Distributed Computing.
- Spin-Wait Lock by Jeffrey Richter
Almost all users migrated from Windows to macOS are puzzled at the regular options for viewing photos. After all, you can’t just open and leaf through images here – there are some incomprehensible nuances everywhere. In this article I will show how to work with Preview tools when viewing images in macOS.
In general, as conceived by Apple developers, we all must use the “Photo” application. But you, exactly like the rest of the majority, may simply be unclear why you need to constantly import something somewhere, create separate albums and at the same time launch a separate application, if everything can be viewed in Finder, where the files are personally sorted into folders. And manipulate them.
Thank you Apple for the Preview
Opening an image in Finder launches the Preview application. But still there is the possibility of turning the photo with arrows (left and right) on the keyboard.
View and Rotate Multiple Photos
If you need to see small previews of several images at once, do the following:
Flip And Spin Mac Os Catalina
- Select the necessary files;
- Press “Space” to view;
- Press the combination “Cmnd”+“Enter”;
- The resulting window will contain thumbnails of all selected images. Using the cursor or the arrows you can move between them.
Read more: How to Convert Photos to JPG, PNG, GIF, TIFF, BMP on a Mac?
To Rotate Images
- Open the tab “Tools”;
- Click the “Rotate Left” or “Rotate Right” button;
- Or, press and hold the “Option” key, then click the “Rotate Right” button;
- The “Flip” use the same way;
- Keep clicking to continue turning the object.
Flip And Spin Mac Os X
Conclusion
Flip And Spin Mac Os Update
With the help of such simple key combinations, you can greatly simplify your work with images on your Mac. And what are the secrets of the Preview you know?
Flip And Spin Mac OS